Exam #1 concept sheet

Disclaimer—THIS IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE BUT IS JUST A GUIDE

Watch for updates—this is in progress!

_{DON’T FORGET YOUR PENCIL AND CALCULATOR}

This is not meant as an exhaustive guide, but it is a good start.  Please use lectures, sections, online notes, textbook, and “google” resources for extra practice.

1.   Know what state functions are and which properties are/aren’t state functions.

2.     Be able to identify a system and its surroundings.

3.     Be able to determine what a temperature change (or energy change) in the surroundings indicates regarding the corresponding change in the system (and vice versa).  For example, if a system cools down, what does that mean in terms of the surroundings?

4.     Know the relationship between temperature changes at constant pressure and ΔH (and enothermic vs. endothermic).

5.     Be able to manipulate thermochemical equations and ΔH_f values, particularly for use in applications such as Hess's Law, ΔH°_rxn calculations, etc.

6.      Be able to perform calorimeter calculations, as well as assess the validity of qualitative statements regarding temperature changes, heat changes, enthalpy changes, etc.

7.     Know the definition of work function and its importance in the development of quantum theory.  Be able to determine information regarding work function, incident light energy, and kinetic energy of ejected electrons.

8.     Be able to calculate values related to photon frequency, wavelength, and energy (given the equations and constants).

9.    Know the relative energies of photons in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

10.   Be able to perform calculations using the Rydberg equation and know what the values mean (for example, in terms of the energy and energy states of the atom).

11.  Know the importance of the following experiments in the development of quantum theory:

blackbody radiation

emission spectrum of hydrogen

the photoelectric effect

scattering of alpha particles by metal foil

deBroglie wavelength

diffraction and the Compton experiment

cathode “rays”

light diffraction & interference patterns (double slit)

12.  Know what atomic properties are primarily determined by each of the quantum numbers n, l, m_l, (and m_s).

13.  Give sets of possible values for n, l, and m_l associated with different electrons in different atoms or ions.

14.   Be able to fill in orbital diagrams of atoms or ions using up and down arrows to represent electrons with opposite spins (boxes will represent orbitals).

15.  Be able to identify an element or ion with a given electron configurations or to select the electron configuration of a given atom (most notable exceptions are fair game).

16.  Be able to determine the following for an atom or ion:

number of core electrons

number of outer electrons

number of valence electrons

most likely charge of the ion formed by the atom

number of unpaired electrons in a ground state atom

17. Know which orbital on which atom contains an electron experiencing the highest (or lowest) Z_eff.  For example, O(2p) vs. O(2s), or Li(2s) vs. B(2s), etc.

18.   Know the general periodic trends for metallic character, atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, etc.

19.  Know that columns contain elements that show similarities in chemical behavior/reactivity and why.

20.  Know why certain common trends in atomic behaviors/properties are observed.

AGAIN, this is not exhaustive but gives you a good list of topics to study.

Good luck and try not to stress out!